Appendix A

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 1: Human Population Growth over Time

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 2: Global Total Fertility Rates, 1990-1995

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 3: Recent atmospheric changes. (a) Record of carbon dioxide in the air; (b) average temperature at Earth’s surface expressed as deviations from 14o C, Worldwatch Institute; (c) satellite measurements of atmospheric temperature expressed as deviations from the mean temperature 1979-1996.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 4: Growth of world population

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 5: Growth of world economic product, expressed in 1997 dollars.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 6: World fossil fuel production estimated by C.J. Campbell (1997) for the past and future.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 7: World materials production, Worldwatch Institute.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 8: Annual energy use in the United States (Quadrillion British thermal units.)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 9: Three main sectors of industrialized economy showing the main missing loop to couple the human sectors to the life-support system of the new wilderness. Howard Odem’s schematic.

 

Table 1.1 – Typical Transformities

 

Item

Solar Emcalories per calorie*

Sunlight energy

1

Wind energy

1,500

Organic matter, wood, soil

4,400

Potential of elevated rainwater

10,000

Chemical energy of rainwater

18,000

Mechanical energy

20,000

Large river energy

40,000

Fossil fuels

50,000

Foods

100,000

Electric power

170,000

Protein foods

1,000,000

Human services

100,000,000

Information

1 x 1011

Species formation

1 x 1015

 

*calories of solar energy previously transformed directly and indirectly to produce one calorie of energy of the type listed. Source: H. T. Odum 1996. Note: This is Odum’s reason for insisting that solar and wind power not suffice to replace fossil fuels.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 10

Table 2.1 – Typical Emergy Yield Ratios of Fuels and Environmental Products.

 

Item

Emergy Yield Ratio*

Emergy

     On Earth the most abundant source of energy is sunlight, but because it is spread out in time and space, it is low quality compared to the many other forms of energy on Earth derived from it. Many solar calories are required to make other kinds of more concentrated energy, the kinds that humans need.

     It is convenient to express all other kinds of energy on Earth in terms of the sunlight energy required directly and indirectly. For this we define a new word in 1983:

 

          Emergy, spelled with an “m,” is the available energy of one kind that has to be used up

          directly and indirectly to make a product or service.

 

     We use solar emergy to compare the amounts of energy of various kinds (all expressed in solar equivalents) that have gone into the making of products and services. For energy in this book we use calories. We use kilocalories to mean 1,000 calories. The unit for solar emergy is solar emocalorie.

 

Fuels, Yielding Net Emergy:

     Palm oil

 

1.06

     Energy intensive corn

1.10

     Sugarcane alcohol

1.14

     Plantation wood

2.1

     Lignite at mine

6.8

     Natural gas, offshore

6.8

     Oil, Mideast purchase

8.4

     Natural gas, on shore

10.3

     Coal, Wyoming

10.5

     Oil, Alaska

11.1

     Rainforest wood, 100 years growth

 

Sources of Electric Power, Yielding Net Emergy:

12.00

     Ocean-thermal power plant

     Wind electro-power, strong steady wind regime

     Coal-fired power plant

     Rainforest wood power plant

1.5

2-?

2.5

3.6

     Nuclear electricity

     Hydroelectricity, mountain watershed

     Geothermal electric plant, volcanic area

     Tidal electric, 25 ft. tidal range

4.5

10.0

13.0

15.0

 

     *Emergy yield divided by emergy of all inputs purchased from the economy indlucing goods and services but not counting environmental losses. Net emergy calculations are from Environmental Accounting, Emergy and Decision Making (H.T. Odum 1996).

      Emergy measures the contributions of nature and those from the human economy on a common basis. We diagram each fuel system to identify all the inputs, and then evaluate the emergy yield ratio. Examples of this indicator are given for typical energy sources in Table 1.1. The larger the ratio of emergy yield to emergy used in the processing, the more other parts of the economy can be supported. If associated environmental losses are included, the yield ratios are less

solar and wind power not suffice to replace fossil fuels.

Greenpeace

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 11:

Nearly 80% of the world's ancient forests have   Only around 20% of the world’s large

already been destroyed                                                        ancient forests remain intact

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 12. A Global Map of Human Impacts on Marine Ecosystems

Very Low Impact (<1.4)            Medium Impact (4.95 -8.47) High Impact 12-15.52)

 

Low Impact (1.4 – 4.95)     Medium High Impact (8.47-12) Very High Impact (>15.52)

 

Researcher combined 17 sets of data on direct and indirect human influence to create this map of the estimated human impact on marine eco system, Jonathan Jorum, New York Times. The map includes data on shipping, fishing, pollution, invasive species, temperature changes, ultraviolet light changes and ocean acidification. Sources:: Benjiam, National Center for ecological analysis and synthesis: American Association Port Authorities.

 

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NUMEROUS PERIODICALS, as noted in text